পটভূমির তথ্য এবং প্রাসঙ্গিক ফলাফল
Grain legumes are important crop plants, both as biological fertilizers through symbiotic nitrogen fixation as well as valuable protein source for livestock. Europe is importing enormous quantities of soybeans to meet protein demands in animal husbandry, although in principle it could produce large parts of its needs with domestically produced grain legumes, such as peas.
The pea moth Cydia nigricana (F.) and the pea weevil Bruchus pisorum (Linnaeus) are serious pests of peas, alongside with a number of fungi. Yield losses can be high, especially in organic farming. Resistances against insect pests has been established in other crop plants through the use of proteins derived from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner). This method was used at the lab of Prof. Dr. Hans-Jörg Jacobsen of the Plant Genetics Institute, at the Leibniz University in Hannover, জার্মানি, to generate genetically modified peas with resistances against these pests. Genetically modified pea lines expressing antifungal genes were also developed. The antifungal genes expressed in the transgenic lines are polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP), stilbene synthase, glucanase and a novel chitinase. These genes are either expressed as single insertions or in various combinations after several generations of transgene breeding.The work was in part funded by EU-projects.
উন্নয়ন পর্যায়
Greenhouse and lab assays successfully conducted, and field experiments with Bt-expressing peas resistant against the pea weevil are on the way. কিন্তু, this field research is now not conducted in Germany, but will move to the US.
বিলম্বী কারণ, চিত্তবিনোদনকর বা গবেষণা বাঁধন
গত দুই বছর ধরে, the incidence of scientific field trials being vandalised and destroyed by radical anti-biotechnology activists has drastically increased in Germany. এটি একটি রেকর্ড আঘাত 2009, সঙ্গে 42% ক্ষেত্র সাইট এ ব্যয়বহুল নিরাপত্তা এবং নজরদারি ব্যবস্থা সত্ত্বেও - জার্মানি ক্ষেত্রের বিচারের ধ্বংস হচ্ছে, এবং সাধারণ পাবলিক অবহিত বিজ্ঞানীরা ব্যাপক যোগাযোগ প্রচেষ্টা, আগে এবং রিলিজ পরীক্ষায় সময় উভয়. A number of investigative scientific projects could not be finished, including some especially focused on the biosafety and environmental risk of genetically engineered crop plants. The data on field trial locations have to be made public in an online register, thus disclosing the exact location of the individual trials and facilitating vandalizations and destruction of the trials.
Since even costly security measures cannot guarantee the completion of these public sector field-release experiments in such a malicious athmosphere, and having learnt from the experience of previously destroyed field trials, the release of genetically engineered peas was relocated to North Dakota State University. Pea production in North Dakota is suffering from similar problems with fungal infections.
জানা উপকারিতা
The cultivation of genetically engineered peas with resistance against the pea moth and/or the pea weevil could substantially reduce the use of insecticides in these legumes, safeguarding higher quantity and quality yields, even under high pest pressure. এটি পরিবেশের উপর সরাসরি উপকারী প্রভাব ফেলবে, মানব স্বাস্থ্য, উত্পাদনের ব্যয় এবং এই ফসলের লাভজনকতা. Organic farmers could especially benefit from these plants, since there are now plant protection methods that could be used against these pests that ensure an acceptable and reasonable level of protection and reduce the need for synthetic pesticides.
সাধারণ আরো, the production of grain legumes in Europe will reduce the dependence of Europe on import of soy beans for animal feed.
ছবি
To be completed.
গবেষণা খরচ
To be completed.
তথ্যসূত্র
Hassan, F., Meens, জে, Jacobsen, H.J., Kiesecker, H. (2009) A family 19 chitinase (Chit30) from Streptomyces olivaceoviridis ATCC 11238 expressed in transgenic pea affects the development of T. harzianum in vitro. Journal of Biotechnology 143(4): 302-308
Richter, ক., de Kathen, ক., de Lorenzo, জি., Briviba, কে, Hain, আর।, Ramsay, জি., Jacobsen, H.J., Kiesecker, H. (2006) Transgenic peas (Pisum sativum) expressing polygalacturonase inhibiting protein from raspberry (Rubus idaeus) and stilbene synthase from grape (Vitis vinifera). Plant Cell Reports 25(11): 1166-1173
Kiesecker, এইচ, Richter, ক., de Kathen, ক., Jacobsen, H.J. (2004) Expression stability and gene stacking of recombinant antifungal genes in transgenic pea (Pisum sativum L.) In Vitro Culture, Transformation and Molecular Markets for Crop Improvement, 197-209. 4th International Plant Tissue Culture Conference, Dhaka, BANGLADESH, NOV 01-03, 2001 Bangladesh Assoc Plant Tissue Culture
প্রধান তদন্তকারী
Hans-Jörg Jacobsen, Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, D-30419 Hannover, জার্মানি
যোগাযোগ তথ্য
jacobsen@lgm.uni-hannover.de
অতিরিক্ত রেফারেন্স
- Meldolesi, একটি. (2010) Pea trials flee to US. প্রকৃতি জীবপ্রযুক্তি 28(1): 8
- Freedom of Research in Plant Biotechnology?