Bakgrunnsupplýsingar og viðeigandi niðurstöður
Grain legumes are important crop plants, both as biological fertilizers through symbiotic nitrogen fixation as well as valuable protein source for livestock. Europe is importing enormous quantities of soybeans to meet protein demands in animal husbandry, although in principle it could produce parts of its needs with domestically produced grain legumes, such as peas.
The pea moth Cydia nigricana (F.) and the pea weevil Bruchus pisorum (Linnaeus) are serious pests of peas, alongside with a number of fungi. Yield losses can be high, especially in organic farming. Resistances against insect pests has been established in other crop plants through the use of proteins derived from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner). This method was used at the lab of Prof. Dr. Hans-Jörg Jacobsen of the Plant Genetics Institute, at the Leibniz University in Hannover, Þýskaland, to generate genetically modified peas with resistances against these pests. Genetically modified pea lines expressing antifungal genes were also developed. The antifungal genes expressed in the transgenic lines are polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP), stilbene synthase, glucanase and a novel chitinase. These genes are either expressed as single insertions or in various combinations after several generations of transgene breeding. The work was in part funded by EU-projects.
Þroskastigi
Greenhouse and lab assays successfully conducted, and field experiments with Bt-expressing peas resistant against the pea weevil are on the way. Þó, this field research will for the known reasons (vandalism) not conducted in Germany, but have been moved to Canada.
Ástæður fyrir að tefja, beina eða hætt rannsókn
Á síðustu tveimur árum, the incidence of scientific field trials being vandalised and destroyed by radical anti-biotechnology activists has drastically increased in Germany. Það högg met í 2009, með 42% Heyfengur rannsóknum í Þýskalandi sé eytt - þrátt dýr öryggi og eftirlit ráðstafanir á sviði staður, og mikið starf unnið samskipti vísindamanna að upplýsa almenning, bæði fyrir og meðan á útgáfu tilraunir. A number of investigative scientific projects could not be finished, including some especially focused on the biosafety and environmental risk of genetically engineered crop plants. The data on field trial locations have to be made public in an online register, thus disclosing the exact location of the individual trials and facilitating vandalizations and destruction of the trials.
Since even costly security measures cannot guarantee the completion of these public sector field-release experiments in such a malicious athmosphere, and having learnt from the experience of previously destroyed field trials, the release of genetically engineered peas was relocated to North Dakota State University. Pea production in North Dakota is suffering from similar problems with fungal infections.
Sjálfu Hagur
The cultivation of genetically engineered peas with resistance against the pea moth and/or the pea weevil could substantially reduce the use of insecticides in these legumes, standa vörð um hærra magn og gæði, even under high pest pressure. Þetta myndi hafa bein jákvæð áhrif á umhverfið, heilbrigði manna, framleiðslukostnaði og arðsemi þessara plantna. Lífrænir bændur gætu notið góðs af þessum plöntum, since there are now plant protection methods that could be used against these pests that ensure an acceptable and reasonable level of protection and reduce the need for synthetic pesticides.
Myndir
Kostnaður rannsókna
To be completed.
Tilvísanir
Richter, A., de Kathen, A., de Lorenzo, G., Briviba, K., Hain, R., Ramsay, G., Jacobsen, H.J., Kiesecker, H. (2006) Transgenic peas (Pisum sativum) expressing polygalacturonase inhibiting protein from raspberry (Rubus idaeus) and stilbene synthase from grape (Vitis vinifera). Skýrslur plantnafrumna 25(11): 1166-1173
Hassan, F., Meens, J., Kiesecker,H., and Jacobsen, H.-J.,Heterologous Expression of a family 19 recombinant chitinase (Chit30) frá Streptomyces olivaceoviridis ATCC 11238 to Enhance Fungal Resistance in Transgenic Pea (Pisum sativum L.), J. Líftækni 143 (4), 302-308, 2009
Ali, Z.,Hafeez F.Y., Schumacher, H.M., Jacobsen, H.-J. and Kiesecker, H., Acquired salt tolerance and target gene expression monitoring in pea (Pisum sativum L.) by co-expression of ATNHX1 og Luciferase, J. Líftækni 145 (1), 9-16, 2010
El-Bannar, A.N.S., Kiesecker, H., Jacobsen, H.-J. and Schumacher, H.M., A cis-genetic approach for improved salt- and osmotolerance in potato suspension cultures, J Biotechnol. 2010 Nov;150(3):277-87
Amian, A.A., Papenbrock, J.,Jacobsen, H.-J. and Hassan, F., Enhancing Transgenic Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Resistance Against Fungal Diseases Through Stacking of Two Antifungal Genes (Chitinase and Glucanase), GM-Crops, 2:2, 1-6, 1-6 April/May/June 2011
Principal Investigator
Hans-Jörg Jacobsen, Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, D-30419 Hannover, Þýskaland
Hafðu Upplýsingar
Önnur tilvísanir
Meldolesi, A. (2010) Pea trials flee to US. Náttúra Líftækni 28(1): 8