Gwybodaeth gefndir a chanlyniadau perthnasol
Grain legumes are important crop plants, both as biological fertilizers through symbiotic nitrogen fixation as well as valuable protein source for livestock. Europe is importing enormous quantities of soybeans to meet protein demands in animal husbandry, although in principle it could produce parts of its needs with domestically produced grain legumes, such as peas.
The pea moth Cydia nigricana (F.) and the pea weevil Bruchus pisorum (Linnaeus) are serious pests of peas, alongside with a number of fungi. Yield losses can be high, especially in organic farming. Resistances against insect pests has been established in other crop plants through the use of proteins derived from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner). This method was used at the lab of Prof. Dr. Hans-Jörg Jacobsen of the Plant Genetics Institute, at the Leibniz University in Hannover, Yr Almaen, to generate genetically modified peas with resistances against these pests. Genetically modified pea lines expressing antifungal genes were also developed. The antifungal genes expressed in the transgenic lines are polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP), stilbene synthase, glucanase and a novel chitinase. These genes are either expressed as single insertions or in various combinations after several generations of transgene breeding. The work was in part funded by EU-projects.
Cam Datblygu
Greenhouse and lab assays successfully conducted, and field experiments with Bt-expressing peas resistant against the pea weevil are on the way. Fodd bynnag,, this field research will for the known reasons (vandalism) not conducted in Germany, but have been moved to Canada.
Rhesymau dros ohirio, gwyro neu atal y gwaith ymchwil
Dros y ddwy flynedd ddiwethaf, the incidence of scientific field trials being vandalised and destroyed by radical anti-biotechnology activists has drastically increased in Germany. Mae'n taro cofnod yn 2009, gyda 42% o dreialon maes yn yr Almaen yn cael ei ddinistrio - er gwaethaf mesurau diogelwch a gwyliadwriaeth drud yn y safleoedd tir, ac ymdrechion cyfathrebu helaeth gan wyddonwyr i roi gwybod i'r cyhoedd yn gyffredinol, cyn ac yn ystod yr arbrofion rhyddhau. A number of investigative scientific projects could not be finished, including some especially focused on the biosafety and environmental risk of genetically engineered crop plants. The data on field trial locations have to be made public in an online register, thus disclosing the exact location of the individual trials and facilitating vandalizations and destruction of the trials.
Since even costly security measures cannot guarantee the completion of these public sector field-release experiments in such a malicious athmosphere, and having learnt from the experience of previously destroyed field trials, the release of genetically engineered peas was relocated to North Dakota State University. Pea production in North Dakota is suffering from similar problems with fungal infections.
Budd-daliadau a ildiwyd
The cultivation of genetically engineered peas with resistance against the pea moth and/or the pea weevil could substantially reduce the use of insecticides in these legumes, safeguarding higher quantity and quality yields, even under high pest pressure. Byddai hyn yn cael effaith fuddiol uniongyrchol ar yr amgylchedd, iechyd dynol, costau cynhyrchu a phroffidioldeb cnydau hyn. Organic farmers could especially benefit from these plants, since there are now plant protection methods that could be used against these pests that ensure an acceptable and reasonable level of protection and reduce the need for synthetic pesticides.
Lluniau
Cost o Ymchwil
To be completed.
Cyfeiriadau
Richter, A., de Kathen, A., de Lorenzo, G., Briviba, K., Hain, R., Ramsay, G., Jacobsen, H.J., Kiesecker, H. (2006) Transgenic peas (Pisum sativum) expressing polygalacturonase inhibiting protein from raspberry (Rubus idaeus) and stilbene synthase from grape (Vitis vinifera). Plant Cell Reports 25(11): 1166-1173
Hassan, F., Meens, J., Kiesecker,H., and Jacobsen, H.-J.,Heterologous Expression of a family 19 recombinant chitinase (Chit30) o Streptomyces olivaceoviridis ATCC 11238 to Enhance Fungal Resistance in Transgenic Pea (Pisum sativum L.), J. Biotechnoleg 143 (4), 302-308, 2009
Ali, Z.,Hafeez F.Y., Schumacher, H.M., Jacobsen, H.-J. and Kiesecker, H., Acquired salt tolerance and target gene expression monitoring in pea (Pisum sativum L.) by co-expression of ATNHX1 a Luciferase, J. Biotechnoleg 145 (1), 9-16, 2010
El-Bannar, A.N.S., Kiesecker, H., Jacobsen, H.-J. and Schumacher, H.M., Mae cis-genetic approach for improved salt- and osmotolerance in potato suspension cultures, J Biotechnol. 2010 Nov;150(3):277-87
Amian, A.A., Papenbrock, J.,Jacobsen, H.-J. and Hassan, F., Enhancing Transgenic Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Resistance Against Fungal Diseases Through Stacking of Two Antifungal Genes (Chitinase and Glucanase), GM-Crops, 2:2, 1-6, 1-6 April/May/June 2011
Prif Ymchwilydd
Hans-Jörg Jacobsen, Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, D-30419 Hannover, Yr Almaen
Gwybodaeth Gyswllt
Cyfeiriadau Ychwanegol
Meldolesi, Mae. (2010) Pea trials flee to US. Biotechnoleg Natur 28(1): 8