Довідкова інформація та релевантні результати
Grain legumes are important crop plants, both as biological fertilizers through symbiotic nitrogen fixation as well as valuable protein source for livestock. Europe is importing enormous quantities of soybeans to meet protein demands in animal husbandry, although in principle it could produce large parts of its needs with domestically produced grain legumes, such as peas.
The pea moth Cydia nigricana (F.) and the pea weevil Bruchus pisorum (Linnaeus) are serious pests of peas, alongside with a number of fungi. Yield losses can be high, especially in organic farming. Resistances against insect pests has been established in other crop plants through the use of proteins derived from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner). This method was used at the lab of Prof. Доктор. Hans-Jörg Jacobsen of the Plant Genetics Institute, at the Leibniz University in Hannover, Німеччина, to generate genetically modified peas with resistances against these pests. Genetically modified pea lines expressing antifungal genes were also developed. The antifungal genes expressed in the transgenic lines are polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP), stilbene synthase, glucanase and a novel chitinase. These genes are either expressed as single insertions or in various combinations after several generations of transgene breeding.The work was in part funded by EU-projects.
Стадія розвитку
Greenhouse and lab assays successfully conducted, and field experiments with Bt-expressing peas resistant against the pea weevil are on the way. Однак, this field research is now not conducted in Germany, but will move to the US.
Причини затримки, відволікаючи або зупинки дослідження
За останні два роки, the incidence of scientific field trials being vandalised and destroyed by radical anti-biotechnology activists has drastically increased in Germany. Це досяг рекордного в 2009, з 42% польових випробувань в Німеччині руйнується - незважаючи дорогих систем безпеки та відеоспостереження заходів на об'єктах польових, і обширні зусилля в сфері комунікації вчених, щоб інформувати широку громадськість, як до, так і в ході експериментів випуску. A number of investigative scientific projects could not be finished, including some especially focused on the biosafety and environmental risk of genetically engineered crop plants. The data on field trial locations have to be made public in an online register, thus disclosing the exact location of the individual trials and facilitating vandalizations and destruction of the trials.
Since even costly security measures cannot guarantee the completion of these public sector field-release experiments in such a malicious athmosphere, and having learnt from the experience of previously destroyed field trials, the release of genetically engineered peas was relocated to North Dakota State University. Pea production in North Dakota is suffering from similar problems with fungal infections.
Переваги недоотриманого
The cultivation of genetically engineered peas with resistance against the pea moth and/or the pea weevil could substantially reduce the use of insecticides in these legumes, забезпечення вищої кількості та якості врожаю, even under high pest pressure. This would have direct beneficial impacts on the environment, здоров'я людини, собівартість продукції та рентабельність цих культур. Органічні фермери можуть отримати особливу користь від цих рослин, since there are now plant protection methods that could be used against these pests that ensure an acceptable and reasonable level of protection and reduce the need for synthetic pesticides.
У більш загальному плані, the production of grain legumes in Europe will reduce the dependence of Europe on import of soy beans for animal feed.
Фотографії
To be completed.
Вартість досліджень
To be completed.
Посилання
Hassan, F., Meens, J., Якобсен, H.J., Kiesecker, H. (2009) A family 19 chitinase (Chit30) from Streptomyces olivaceoviridis ATCC 11238 expressed in transgenic pea affects the development of T. harzianum in vitro. Journal of Biotechnology 143(4): 302-308
Richter, А., de Kathen, А., de Lorenzo, Г., Briviba, К., Hain, Р., Ramsay, Г., Якобсен, H.J., Kiesecker, H. (2006) Transgenic peas (Pisum sativum) expressing polygalacturonase inhibiting protein from raspberry (Rubus idaeus) and stilbene synthase from grape (Vitis vinifera). Звіти про клітини рослин 25(11): 1166-1173
Kiesecker, H., Richter, А., de Kathen, А., Якобсен, H.J. (2004) Expression stability and gene stacking of recombinant antifungal genes in transgenic pea (Pisum sativum L.) In Vitro Culture, Transformation and Molecular Markets for Crop Improvement, 197-209. 4th International Plant Tissue Culture Conference, Dhaka, BANGLADESH, NOV 01-03, 2001 Bangladesh Assoc Plant Tissue Culture
Головний дослідник
Hans-Jörg Jacobsen, Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, D-30419 Hannover, Німеччина
Контактна інформація
jacobsen@lgm.uni-hannover.de
Додаткові посилання
- Meldolesi, А. (2010) Pea trials flee to US. Nature Biotechnology 28(1): 8
- Freedom of Research in Plant Biotechnology?